生物 生物信息学

2009年2月27日星期五

america human rights







Full Text of
Human Rights Record of United States in 2008


BEIJING, Feb. 26 (Xinhua)
-- The Information Office of the State Council published a report
titled "The Human Rights Record of United States in 2008"
here on Thursday. Following is the full text:

   
The State Department of the United States released its Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008 on February 25, 2009. As
in previous years, the reports are full of accusations of the human
rights situation in more than 190 countries and regions including
China, but mentioned nothing of the widespread human rights abuses on
its own territory. The Human Rights Record of the United States in
2008 is prepared to help people around the world understand the real
situation of human rights in the United States, and as a reminder for
the United States to reflect upon it s own issues.

  I.
On Life and Personal Security

    Widespread violent
crimes in the United States pose serious threats to its people's
lives, property and personal security.

    According
to a report published in September 2008 by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), the country reported 1.4 million violent crimes,
including 17,000 murders (The Washington Post, June 10, 2008), and
9.8 million property crimes (The World Journal, September 16, 2008)
in 2007. Throughout 2007, the estimated number of robberies counted
445,125, a 7.5 percent rise over the last five years (The Washington
Post, September 16, 2008). In cities with 50,000 to 100,000
inhabitants, the number of murders increased by 3.7 percent than 2006
(The Washington Post, June 10, 2008). In those with populations of
10,000 to 30,000, the number of violent crimes rose 2.4 percent than
2006 (The Washington Post, September 16, 2008). U.S. residents age 12
and older experienced an estimated 23 million crimes of violence or
theft. The violent crime rate in 2007 was 20.7 victimizations per
1,000 persons age 12 or older; for property crimes it was 146.5 per
1,000 households. (Criminal Victimization, 2007, U.S. Department of
Justice,
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cv07.htm).
Among cities with relatively high violence and murders rates, New
Orleans reported 95 murders per 100,000 population, Baltimore 45,
Detroit 44, St. Louis 40, Philadelphia 27.8, Houston 16.2, and Dallas
16.1 (The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 10, 2008). In the United
States, one murder is committed every 31 minutes, one rape in every
5.8 minutes, and one burglary every 14.5 seconds (The Washington
Post, September 16, 2008).
Guns are widespread in the United
States. The U.S. Supreme Court asserted that Americans had an
individual right to possess and use firearms, even when the guns are
not related to service in a government militia, the Christian Science
Monitor reported on June 27, 2008. Statistics show that the U.S.
citizens own about 200 million private guns, including 60 to 65
million pistols. A total of 48 states in the United States allow its
residents to bear guns (The China Press, October 16, 2008), while it
is believed that one can buy a gun at gun shows in 35 states without
a background check (United Press International, October 3, 2008). A
gun store outside Nashville, Tennessee, sold 70 guns on November5,
2008 alone (
http://www.usqiaobao.com).
More than 20 airports in Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San Francisco and
other cities allow people with gun permits to carry firearms in the
general public areas of the terminal (The China Press, October 15,
2008). A local high school in north Texas even let some teachers
carry concealed weapons (The New York Times, August 29, 2008). The
Washington Post reported on December 5, 2007 that 10 states,
including Virginia, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Mississippi,
supplied 57 percent of the guns that were recovered in crimes in
other states in 2007. The 10 states with the highest crime-gun export
rates had nearly 60 percent more gun homicides than the 10 states
with the lowest rates.

    The frequent occurrences
of gun killings were a serious threat to the lives of U.S. citizens.
According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1.35
million high school students in 2007 were either threatened or
injured with a weapon at least once on school property (United Press
International, October 3, 2008). Young people represent an expanding
proportion of all shooting victims, from 13 percent in 2002 to more
than 21 percent in 2007. According to a Harvard University survey of
high school students in 2006, a fifth of the 1,200 questioned in
schools across Boston had witnessed a shooting. More than 40 percent
believed it was easy to get a gun, and 28 percent said they did not
feel safe on the bus or train (The Boston Globe, September 18, 2008).
In the 2007-08 school year, a record 34 Chicago Public School
students were killed (The Chicago Tribune, April 2, 2008). Within a
week from February 7, 2008, the United States had seven shooting
incidents, leading to 23 deaths and dozens of injuries. On March 27,
2008, five people in Georgia and Kentucky were shot dead (The
Associated Press, March 27, 2008, March 28, 2008). On the night of
April 18, nine shootings were reported in a period ofless than two
hours in Chicago (The Chicago Tribune, April 21, 2008). In November,
Baltimore had 31 shootings (The Baltimore Sun, December 2, 2008). On
December 24, 2008, a man dressed in a Santa costume shot at a
Christmas Eve party at his ex-parents-in-law's house, causing eight
deaths, three injuries and three missing persons (The China Press,
December 26, 2008).



  1. On Civil and
    Political Rights

        In the United States, an
    increasing number of restrictions have been imposed on civil
    rights.

        According to a report on the Washington
    Post website on April 4,2008, the deep-packet inspection, a brand
    new surveillance technology, which has been applied, is able to
    record every visited web page, every sent email and every online
    search. Statistics indicated that at least 100,000 U.S. Internet
    users had been tracked and the service providers had conducted tests
    on as many as 10 percent of the U.S. netizens (The Washington Post,
    April 4, 2008). The FBI has been engaged in illegal surveillance
    launched by the U.S. government nationwide, obtaining thousands of
    people's phone records, bank accounts and other personal information
    by unwarranted means.
    The Seattle Times reported on July 15,
    2008 that President Bush signed a bill on July 10 that overhauls
    government eavesdropping and called it "landmark legislation
    that is vital to the security of our people." The new law
    grants legal immunity to telecommunication companies that take part
    in wiretapping programs and authorizes the government to wiretap
    international communications betweens parties outside the U.S. for
    anti-terrorism purposes without court approval. The U.S. Department
    of Homeland Security disclosed in July 2008 that as part of border
    search policies, federal agents may take a traveler's laptop
    computer or other electronic device to an off-site location for an
    unspecified period of time without any suspicion of wrongdoing (The
    Washington Post, August 1, 2008). The New York Times reported on
    December 8, 2008 that the National Security Agency illegally
    wiretapped a Muslim scholar named Ali al-Timimi in Northern Virginia
    and intentionally withheld materials gained through eavesdropping
    during a 2005 trial, in which the scholar was convicted on terrorism
    charges. These materials may provide evidences that the U.S.
    government's eavesdropping program has violated its citizens' civil
    rights.

        Police abuse of force infringed on the
    civil rights of Americans. According to a report by the Chicago
    Tribune on June 25,2008, Chicago witnessed eight shootings by police
    officers in two weeks in June, causing five with fatalities. Shapell
    Terrell, a 39-year-old sanitation worker, was fatally shot by police
    officers on June 22 at the entrance of a two-story building, where
    all four apartments were filled with family members (The Chicago
    Tribune, June 23, 2008). Luis Colon, an 18-year-old man in Chicago,
    was shot and killed by a plainclothes police officer on June 24,
    when he was walking with his girlfriend to meet friends and eat at a
    restaurant (The Chicago Tribune, June 25, 2008). Daryl Battle, 20,
    was shot dead in his Brooklyn apartment in New York City on the
    morning of August 2, 2008. Michael Mineo was sodomized by a police
    officer's baton on October 15, on a busy Brooklyn subway platform
    (The New York Times, December 10, 2008). Gilberto Blanco was shot
    and killed when he was swinging a folding chair in front of a
    policewoman named Dawn Ortiz in a parking lot near the Coney Island
    church (The New York Times, December 1, 2008).

       
    The proportion of U.S. prisoners to its population has hit a new
    high. The Washington Post reported on July 11, 2008 that the United
    States has 2.3 million criminals behind bars, more than any other
    nation in the world. A report issued by the U.S. Department of
    Justice on December 11, 2008 said that over 7.3 million people were
    on probation, in jail or on parole at the end of 2007, equivalent to
    3.2 percent of all U.S. adult residents or one in every 31 adults.
    (The United Press International, December 11, 2008). For black men
    aged between 20-34, one in nine was in jail. (The Guardian, March 1,
    2008). The rate of prisoners, higher than any period in the U.S.
    history, was almost six times the world average (125 in every
    100,000 people). According to statistics, the recidivism rate stayed
    high in the United States. Half the people of previous convictions
    were sentenced to prison again within three years.

       
    There is no proper protection of prisoners' basic rights.
    Information released in August 2008 by the U.S. Department of
    Justice showed that the rate of conviction by U.S. courts has been
    on a rise since 1993. Convicts who committed violent crimes
    accounted for more than 50 percent of the total. California had
    172,000 inmates in its 33 prisons, which were designed for just over
    half that number, leaving each inmate a space of only 6 square foot
    (Prison overcrowding blamed for health woes, http:// www.
    sfgate.com, November 19, 2008). In Prince George of Maryland, the
    Upper Marlboro jail held an estimated 1,500 prisoners while it was
    designed for about 1,330 (The Washington Post, July 25, 2008).There
    were frequent reports inmates dying from prison officers' violence.
    An Amnesty International report in 2008 said Taser was widely used
    to control inmates in the U.S. prisons and detention centers. It had
    tracked more than 300 cases since 2001 in which people died after
    being shocked by a Taser. Among them, 69 died in2008. According to a
    report by the Washington Post on July 25, more than 10 jail officers
    in Prince George of Maryland have arrest records. At least six
    officers were suspended in the past seven months and nine others
    still worked in the prison though they were accused of crimes or
    violence. Baron Pikes, arrested on a cocaine charge, died in January
    2008 after a police officer had shocked him nine times with a Taser
    (The CNN website, on July 22, 2008). Ronnie L. White, 19, died of
    strangulation on June 29, 2008,when he was held in solitary
    confinement at a correction center in Prince George County, Maryland
    (The Washington Post, September 23,2008). According to the latest
    statistics released by the U.S. Department of Justice in June 2008,
    1,154 inmates in the federal and state prisons died of AIDS between
    2001 and 2006 (Ming Pao Daily, July 3, 2008). Some U.S. jails have
    become the "new asylums" for drug addicts and mental
    patients, with six out of 10 people in jail living with a mental
    illness (Jails bulging with people with mental illnesses, the
    homeless and people detained for immigration offenses; costing
    counties billions, http:// justicepolicy.org). The Economist
    reported on May 10, 2008 that the U.S. was one of the few countries
    where the felons were deprived of rights. Some U.S. states even
    forbid felons to vote.


  2. III. On Economic,
    Social and Cultural Rights

        American people's
    economic, social and cultural rights are not properly protected.

     
      There is a wide wealth gap in the American society. According
    to a New York Times report on October 5, 2008, the United States
    developed the most the most unequal distribution of income and wages
    of any high-income country over the past 30 years. The richest fifth
    of the Americans earn an average of 168,170 U.S. dollars a year,
    about fifteen times the figure for the bottom fifth -- 11,352 U.S.
    dollars. The top one percent of New York City tax filers received 37
    percent of the city's adjusted gross income-- which includes wages,
    business income and capital gains, among other earnings (The New
    York Times, April 9, 2008). There are 64 billionaires in New York
    City with a combined net worth of 344 billion U.S. dollars, 469
    percent more than the collective worth of the city's billionaires
    two years ago (The Washington Post, September 29, 2008). A UN report
    released on October, 22, 2008 showed that the wealth gap in big
    American cities, including New York, Washington, Atlanta and New
    Orleans, was almost as wide as some African cities, and the ratio of
    income inequality in American cities was very high.
    The number
    of people who are homeless, in poverty and hunger increased in the
    United States in 2007. Figures released in August, 2008 by the U.S.
    Census Bureau showed that 12.5 percent of Americans, or 37.3 million
    people, were living in poverty in 2007,up from 36.5 million in 2006.
    Eighteen percent of children (13.3 million) were impoverished in
    2007, up from 17.4 percent (12.8 million) in 2006 (Reuters, August
    27, 2008). Some 7.6 million American families, or 9.8 percent of the
    total, were living in poverty. In 2007, the annual income of 1.56
    million American people, 41.8 percent of the country's population in
    poverty, reached only half of the poverty threshold. In New York
    City, latest study shows 23 percent of the people are living in
    poverty (The Washington Post, July 14, 2008).

       
    According to a report released on October 17, 2008 by Los
    Angeles-based Taiwan Times, a nationwide survey showed that under
    the influence of the financial crisis, about 80 percent of
    low-income workers could not afford to buy fuel or save for pension
    insurance. More than 60 percent of them could not afford medical
    insurance and 50 percent could not pay for food or housing. The
    Reuters reported that food stamps, the main U.S. anti-hunger program
    which helps the needy buy food, set a record in September 2008, as
    more than 31.5 million Americans used the program, a year-on-year
    increase of 17 percent (Reuters, December 3, 2008). About 48 percent
    of New York City residents, had difficulty affording food for
    themselves and their families in 2008, doubling that of 2003.
    Already, 1.3 million New York City residents rely on emergency food
    organizations, up 24 percent from1 million in 2004 (The NYC Hunger
    Experience 2008 Update: Food Poverty Soars as Recession Hits Home).
    Some 68.8 percent of emergency food agencies reported that they did
    not have enough food to fulfill demand (Survey shows impact of
    hunger crisis,
    http://www.nyccah.org).
    More than 2 million American families were unable to pay back house
    loans. Statistics released on November 13,2008 showed that
    foreclosure filings grew 25 percent nationally in October 2008 over
    the same month in 2007. More than 84,000 properties were repossessed
    by banks in October (China Press, November 14, 2008).

     
      Statistics collected by the U.S. Department of Housing and
    Urban Development showed that the number of chronically homeless
    people living in the nation's streets and shelters reached 123,833in
    2007. About 1.6 million people experienced homelessness and found
    shelter between October 1, 2006 and September 30, 2007 (The New York
    Times, July 30, 2008). The number of requests for emergency shelter
    doubled from fiscal year 2007 to fiscal 2008 (World Journal, October
    22, 2008). In Louisiana and Kentucky, the number of homeless
    families increased to 931. In December 2008, 19of the 25 American
    cities surveyed reported some kind of increase in homelessness
    between October 1, 2007 and October 30, 2008. And 16 cities reported
    an increase in family homelessness (Advocacy Groups Fear New Wave of
    Homeless,
    http://ipsnews.net).
    The Washington Legal Clinic for the Homeless estimated that more
    than 6,000 people were homeless in the District on an average day.
    Among them, 47 percent were "chronically homeless"
    (District agrees on homeless shelter access; Faces $5 million cost,
    The Washington Times, December 13, 2008).

        The
    rights of laborers are not properly protected. The unemployment rate
    in America keeps high. Statistics released by the U.S. Department of
    Labor on January 9, 2009 showed that the unemployment rate increased
    from 4.6 percent in 2007 to 5.8 percent in 2008, the highest since
    2003. A total of 2.6 million jobs were lost in 2008, the biggest
    loss since 1945. In December 2008 alone, 524,000 jobs were lost,
    driving the unemployment rate to a 16-year-high of 7.2 percent (The
    New York Times, January 10,2009). The number of long-term unemployed
    (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) reached 2.2 million in
    November, up by 822,000 over the past 12 months (Employment Summary,
    http://data.bls.gov).
    According to a poll conducted by Harris Interactive, the median time
    Americans spent working in 2008, which included housekeeping and
    studying, was 46 hours, which was one hour more than that of 2007.
    One in every four Americans said their working hours increased in
    2008. The median time Americans spent playing in 2008was 16 hours, a
    decline of four hours from a year ago and the lowest since 1973
    (Agence France Presse, December 10, 2008). A survey of day-laborer
    sites in 25 states found that half of all workers had been underpaid
    or not paid at least once (The Washington Post, July 8, 2008). In
    July 2008, a Minnesota court ruled Wal-Mart Stores Inc violated
    state wage and hour laws, failing to give workers their full rest
    breaks and requiring hourly employees to work off-the-clock during
    training (The China Press, December 10, 2008). On July 23, 2008, New
    York's State Labor Department said a clothes factory called "Jin
    Shun" in Queens was found to have cheated its workers of 5.3
    million U.S. dollars in the past six years by paying them salaries
    far below the minimum wage and not paying for overtime work (World
    Journal, July 24, 2008). On September 6, about 27,000 machinists in
    Boeing went on strike, requiring the company to raise their salaries
    and welfares (
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid-7600000).
    On October 20, U.S. District Court in Manhattan of New York ordered
    Saigon Grill Restaurant to compensate 4.6 million U.S. dollars to 36
    delivery workers for violations of minimum wage and overtime laws
    (The China Press, December 23, 2008).

       
    Employees' pension plans shrank considerably. A senior budget
    analyst with the U.S. Congress estimated in October 2008 that
    Americans' pension accounts lost 2 trillion U.S. dollars in the past
    15 months. More than half the people surveyed in an Associated
    Press-GfK poll said they would have to delay their retirement. A
    survey conducted by the American Association of Retired Persons
    (AARP) released in October 2008 said one out of five Americans above
    the age of 45 stopped putting money into a 401(k), IRA(Individual
    Retirement Account) or other retirement account (The China Press,
    October 8, 2008). A study by Hewitt Associates found the average
    U.S. 401(k) plan balance was down 14 percent in 2008 to 68,000 U.S.
    dollars from 79,000 U.S. dollars in2007. 401(k) refers to a section
    of the U.S. Tax Code that allows retirement plan investors to defer
    paying taxes (The China Press, November 25, 2008).

       
    The realization of Americans' education rights is not guaranteed.
    The American Human Development Report 2008-2009 showed that 14
    percent of Americans (about 40 million), with inadequate ability to
    read or write, were not able to understand the articles on
    newspapers or user manuals (The China Press, July 17, 2008). A
    report published on December 3, 2008 by the U.S. National Center for
    Public Policy and Higher Education said college tuition and fees
    increased 439 percent from 1982 to 2007 while median family income
    rose 147 percent. Tuition for the 2008 fall semester increased by
    6.4 percent on average for state universities. Many states planned
    to sharply increase tuition for public universities in 2009. Florida
    and the Washington states were considering an increase of 15 percent
    and 20 percent, respectively. Among the poorest families -- those
    with incomes in the lowest 20 percent --the net cost of a year at a
    public university was 55 percent of median income, up from 39
    percent in 1999-2000. At community colleges, that cost was 49
    percent of the poorest families' median income in 2008, up from 40
    percent in 1999-2000 (The New York Times, December 3, 2008). Only 11
    percent of the children from the most impoverished families were
    college graduates. The figure for children from the top earning 20
    percent families was 53 percent. (The New York Times, February 22,
    2008).

        Americans without health insurance have
    been increasing. According to the American Human Development Report
    published in July 2008, despite spending 230 million U.S. dollars an
    hour on healthcare, Americans live shorter lives than citizens of
    almost every other developed country, ranking 42nd in terms of life
    expectancy. One out of six Americans does not have health insurance.
    The Census Bureau said in a report published on August 26, 2008 that
    there are 45.7 million Americans without health insurance. Nineteen
    states had already made cuts or were planning to make cuts in
    Medicaid and/or State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
    (The China Press, December 12, 2008). As medical expenses were
    rising, many companies quitted buying health insurance for their
    employees. A research conducted by the National Federation of
    Independent Business in March 2008 found that only 47 percent
    small-size companies provide health aids for their employees. Among
    companies of 50 employees or less, only 24 percent offer health
    aids. Many gave up seeing a doctor or receiving treatments as they
    couldn't afford it.

        Drugs, suicide and other
    social problems prevail in the United States. America has the
    largest population of cocaine and marijuana users in the world. A
    survey of 54,000 people from 17 countries found that 16 percent of
    U.S. survey respondents had at least tried cocaine in their
    lifetime, and more than 42 percent had tried marijuana (WHO global
    drug survey finds high rates of cocaine, marijuana use in U.S.,
    http://www.thebostonchannel.com).
    The suicide rate among middle-aged white Americans had been on the
    rise. A research report issued on October 21, 2008 by the Johns
    Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health said between 1999 and
    2005, the overall suicide rate in the United States rose by 0.7
    percent every year. The figure for white men aged 40 to 64 rose 2.7
    percent and for middle-aged white women 3.9 percent. In 2007, a
    total of 138 people in the city of St. Louis committed suicide. As
    of June 2, 2008, 61 in the city committed suicide, up by 15
    year-on-year (The Washington Post, June 2, 2008). The suicide rates
    in Baltimore, Detroit and New Orleans were all on the rise (The
    Christian Science Monitor, January 4, 2008). Many young Americans
    have personality disorders. Researchers found that almost one in
    five young American adults has a personality disorder that
    interferes with everyday life, and nearly half of young people
    surveyed have some sort of psychiatric condition. Fewer than 25
    percent of college-aged Americans with mental problems get treatment
    (1 in 5 adults has personality disorder,
    http://www.archgenpsychiatyr.com).


  3. IV. On Racial
    Discrimination

        In the United States, racial
    discrimination prevails in every aspect of social life. Black people
    and other minorities are still suffering from unequal treatment and
    discrimination.

        Black people and other
    minorities live at the bottom of the American society. A report
    issued by the U.S. Bureau of Census on August 26, 2008 said the real
    median income for American households was 50,233 U.S. dollars in
    2007. That of the non-Hispanic White households was 54,920 U.S.
    dollars, Hispanic households 38,679 U.S. dollars, Black households
    33,9160 U.S. dollars. The median income of Hispanic and Black
    households was roughly 62 percent of that of the non-Hispanic White
    households. Poverty rate of Hispanics stood at 21.5 percent, higher
    than the 20.6 percent in 2006 (Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
    Coverage in the United States: 2007, issued by the U.S. Census
    Bureau in August 2008,
    http://www.census.gov).
    According to The State of Black America issued by the National Urban
    League in March 2008, nearly one quarter of Black American
    households live below the poverty line, three times over that of
    White households. A report released by the Working Poor Families
    Project on October 14, 2008 said in 2006, among all non-Hispanic
    White Households, those with low income accounted for 20 percent,
    while among minorities, the proportion was 41 percent. In New York
    City, the poverty proportion of Hispanic, Asian, African Americans
    and non-Hispanic White people were 29.7 percent, 25.9 percent, 23.9
    percent and 16.3 percent respectively (World Journal, July 14,
    2008). Immigrants find it hard to own a house in the United States.
    The New York Immigrant Housing Collaborative and Pratt Center for
    Community Development said in a report issued on December 3, 2008
    that around 25 percent of the native Americans spent half of their
    income on housing rent while the ratio was about 31.5 percent among
    immigrants. Immigrants from South America and Mexico spent 71.1
    percent and 79.8 percent of their incomes on rent, respectively (The
    China Press, December 4, 2008). AIDS threatens life of African
    Americans. A study released by the New York City Department of
    Health and Mental Hygiene in August 2008 said that among the newly
    infected HIV positive in the city in 2006, 46 percent were Blacks
    while 32 percent were Hispanics (New York Times, August 28, 2008).
    Black women are 15 times as likely to be infected with HIV as White
    women (Hot docs: AIDS in America, Criminalizing HIV, Obama's
    National Security Team,
    http://www.usnews.com).
    Currently, there are at least 500,000 Black Americans infected with
    HIV/AIDS.
    Discrimination in employment is commonplace. According
    to statistics from the U.S. Labor Department, the jobless rate in
    the United States was 6 percent in the third quarter of 2008. The
    jobless rate for Blacks was 10.6 percent, twice that of the
    Whites(5.3 percent) (The Employment Situation: November 2008. Issued
    by the U.S. Department of Labor,
    http://www.bls.gov).
    The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission said it received 30,510
    charges concerning employment discrimination in 2007 (Charge
    Statistics FY1997 Through FY 2007,
    http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/charges.html).
    An accusation was filed by Oswald Wilson, an African American on
    February 11, 2008 against the American Broadcast Company (ABC) and
    its parent company Disney. He said a pattern of racial
    discrimination had caused him physical pain and emotional suffering
    (Black Worker Hits ABC in Racism Suit,
    http://www.nydailynews.com/news).
    On December 5, 2008, former New York state governor Eliot Spitzer's
    father Bernard Spitzer was found guilty of racial discrimination by
    a jury. Four African Americans, who had worked as doormen or porters
    at a 34-story building owned by Bernard Spitzer, claimed that they
    lost their jobs because of the color of their skins. They were fired
    a decade ago, replaced by someone with lighter skin colors (The
    China Press, December 8, 2008).

        The ugly head
    of racial discrimination emerges from time to time in the education
    sector. The State of Black America issued by the National Urban
    League in 2008 said African Americans' high school graduation rate
    and college entry rate still lingered at the level of the Whites two
    or three decades ago. Less African American students get college
    degrees than the Whites. A news report said that African American
    students in public schools were more likely to get physical
    punishment than White children, while African American girls were
    twice likely to get paddled than White girls (US: End Beating of
    Children in Public Schools,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/19).
    Racial segregation in schools is getting worse. A report by the
    Civil Rights Project at the University of California found that
    Blacks and Hispanics are more separate from white students than at
    any time since the civil rights movement. Some 39 percent of Black
    students and 40 percent of Hispanic students are isolated in schools
    in which there is little racial mixing. The report also found that
    the average Black and Latino students is now in a school that has
    nearly 60 percent of students from families who are near or below
    poverty line (Reuters, January 14, 2009).

       
    Racial discrimination in the judicial system is appalling. The U.S.
    Department of Justice said on June 5, 2008 that jailed Black men
    were six times as many as the Whites by July 30, 2007. Nearly 11
    percent of the Black men between 30 and 34 were in prison. The New
    York-based Human Rights Watch said in a report released in February
    2008 that African American youth arrested for murder are at least
    three times more likely than their white peers to receive life
    imprisonment without the possibility of parole (US: Uphold Treaty
    Against Racial Discrimination,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/06).
    In California, they are almost six times more likely to receive a
    sentence of LWOP (The United States was not Forthcoming and Accurate
    in its Presentation to CERD,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/06).
    The New York Times carried a report on May 6, 2008, saying that
    although most drug offenders are white, 54 percent of the drug
    offenders sent to prison are black. In 16 states, African Americans
    are sent to prison for drug offenses at rates between 10 and 42
    times greater than the rate for whites. A study of 34 states shows
    that a black man is 11.8 times more likely than a white man to be
    sent to prison on drug charges, and a black woman is 4.8 times more
    likely than a white woman (US: "Drug War" Unjust to
    African Americans,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/05/04).
    According to media reports, Sean Bell, a black youngster, died after
    being shot at 50 times the day he was to be married. But the three
    police officers were acquitted of all charges in his death (National
    Urban League Urges U.S. Justice Department to Prosecute Acquitted
    Officers in Sean Bell Shooting Case,
    http://www/nul.org/PressReleases/2008/2008pr430.htm).
    Statistics from the Los Angeles police showed that for every 100
    Hispanics stopped by the police for questioning, there is only one
    White person being stopped. African Americans are even more likely
    to be intercepted by police. Blacks and Hispanics are also
    frequently ordered to get out of their vehicles, frisked, shoved and
    detained. In the past five years, the L.A. police received nearly
    1,200 complaints against police officers over racial discrimination,
    but none was handled (The China Press, October 21,2008). Muslims,
    Arabic Americans and other minority groups are also targets for
    anti-terrorism investigation of FBI (Ming Pao, July 3, 2008). On the
    New Year's Day of 2009, an unarmed black man,22-year-old Oscar Grant
    was pressed facedown on an Oakland train platform by police officers
    and shot him in the back. Such atrocity aroused protest from local
    people, who took to streets on January 7 (Associated Press, February
    13, 2009).

        The basic rights of indigenous
    Americans were infringed on. The United States erected a
    18-feet-high wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, which severely
    impaired life of local Apache people. Indigenous women fell victim
    to violence of American soldiers. In border cities and townships
    like Juarez, more than 4,000 Indigenous women were killed or
    reported missing. The population of Indigenous youth accounts less
    than 2 percent of the total youth population in the United States.
    But among those in jail, the Indigenous accounted for 15 to 20
    percent and 30 percent of them received the toughest penalty. On
    April 15 2008, people of Yankton Siou ethnic group in South Dakota
    staged a peaceful demonstration against building a hoggery, which
    they considered as highly pollutant. More than 70 officers from the
    county, state and federal law enforcement agencies, with the help of
    special police squad, police dogs, snipers as well as helicopters,
    cracked down the peaceful protest. Thirty-eight people, including
    children and the elderly, were arrested. The United States deployed
    troops and built navy and air force bases in Guam, taking up one
    third of the land there. Local Chamoru people were victimized by the
    weapons left by U.S. army during the World War II and nuclear tests.
    The incidence of rhino pharyngeal cancer among them is 1,999 percent
    higher than the average Americans.

        Immigrants
    received inhumane treatment. Harriett Olson, deputy general
    secretary of the Women's Division of the General Board of Global
    Ministries of the United Methodist Church, said that once arrested,
    the illicit immigrants were always mistreated. They were often
    jailed with criminals, and denied fundamental human rights and basic
    medical service. Each year, dozens of them die in jail (The China
    Press, December 14, 2008). The Human Rights Watch said in June 2008
    that the Department of Homeland Security had more than 30,000
    individuals in detention, and that more than 80 immigrants have died
    in the last five years while in the care of the department or
    immediately after their release from custody, due to inconsistent
    standards of care and inadequate oversight (US: Protect Health of
    Immigration,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news).
    According to a report by the New York Times, computer engineer Hiu
    Lui Ng who moved to New York from Hong Kong in 1992 was sent to
    detention center in 2007 after his visa expired, and was then jailed
    in three states in New England. He died in the custody in August
    2008 with his spine fractured and his body riddled with cancer that
    had gone undiagnosed and untreated for months (The New York Times,
    August 12, 2008). More than 2,900 illegal labors were detained since
    October, 2007, but only 75 employers or managers faced accusation.
    This number was just 2 percent of the labors (New York Times, July
    1, 2008).

        There is serious racial hostility in
    the United States. According to a Voice of America report, a
    research report released by the U.S. Department of Justice at the
    end of 2005 shows that United States reports about 191,000 hate
    crime each year (Voice of America's Chinese website, November 7,
    2008). A FBI report released on October 27, 2008 indicated that
    7,624 hate crime incidents were reported in the United States in
    2007. Among them, 50.8 percent were motivated by a racial bias, 62.9
    percent of the known offenders were white (FBI Releases 2007 Hate
    Crime Statistics,
    http://www.fbi.gov/hc2007/summary.htm).
    The Chicago Tribune reported on November 23, 2008 that there were
    602 organization based on racial bias in the United States in 2000.
    The number surged to 888 by 2008. On the same day, the Boston Globe
    reported a survey by a professor from the Northwestern University,
    saying that the ratio of black men being murdered soared by 33
    percent from 2002 to 2007.


  4. V. On the Rights of
    Women and Children

        The conditions of women and
    children in the United States are worrisome.

       
    Women account for 51 percent of the U.S. population, but only 88
    women serve in the 110th U.S. Congress. Sixteen women serve in the
    Senate, or 16 percent of the seats, and 72 women serve in the House,
    or 16.6 percent of the seats. As of December 2007, 73 women held
    statewide elective executive offices across the country, or 23.2
    percent of the available positions. The proportion of women in state
    legislature is at 23.7 percent. As of July 2008, among the 100
    largest cities in the U.S., only 11 had women mayors (Women serving
    in the 110th Congress 2007-09. Center for American Women and
    Politics,
    http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu).

     
      Gender-based discrimination in employment is quite serious.
    The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission said it received
    24,826 charges on discrimination on the basis of sex in 2007,
    accounting for 30.1 percent of the total discrimination charges
    (Charge statistics FY 1997 Through FY 2007,
    http://eeoc.gov/stats/charges.html).
    A growing number of women are being treated unfairly by employers
    because they are pregnant or hope to be (Mom-to-be claim work bias,
    http://www.nydailynews.com,May
    19, 2008). According to statistics released by the U.S. Census
    Bureau in August 2008, the real median earnings of women who worked
    full time in 2007 were 35,102 U.S. dollars, 78 percent of those of
    corresponding men whose median earnings were 45,113 U.S. dollars
    (Current population survey,
    http://www.census.gov/press-release/www/releases/archives/income_wealth/012528.html).
    The unemployment rate for adult women continued to trend up. It
    reached 5.5 percent as of November 2008 (The employment situation:
    November 2008, issued by the U.S. Department of Labor on December 5,
    2008,
    http://www.bls.gov).

    American women are victims of domestic violence and sexual
    violence. Statistics showed that among women receiving emergency
    treatment, one third of them are victims of domestic violence.
    Sexual violence poses a serious threat to American women. It is
    reported that the United States has the highest rape rate among
    countries which report such statistics. It is 13 times higher than
    that of England and 20 times higher than that of Japan (Occurrence
    of rape,
    http://www.sa.rochester.edu/masa/stats.php).
    Sexual assault against Indigenous women in the United States is
    widespread. Some women interviewed by Amnesty International said
    they didn't know anyone in their community who had not experienced
    sexual violence (Maze of injustice: the failure to protect
    indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA,
    http://www.amnestyusa.org).
    Statistics showed that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
    received 12,510 charges of sexual harassment in 2007, 84 percent of
    which were filed by females (Sexual Harassment Charges EEOC &
    FEPAs Combined: FY 1997-FY 2007, http//www.eeoc.gov). A USA Today
    report on October 28, 2008, citing a study, said about one out of
    seven female veterans of Afghanistan or Iraq who visit a Veterans
    Affairs center for medical care reported being a victim of sexual
    assault or harassment during military duty. More than half these
    women have post-traumatic stress disorder (15% of female veterans
    tell of sexual trauma, more than half of them experience stress
    disorder,
    http://global.factiva.com).

     
      An increasing number of children are living in poverty.
    Children under 18 account for one third of the people in poverty in
    the United States. Statistics show that as at the end of 2007, the
    poverty rate of children younger than 18 was 18 percent, up from
    17.4 percent in 2006. The poverty rate of children in single
    female-headed families reached as high as 43 percent (Income,
    poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States:
    2007,issued by the U.S. Census Bureau in August 2008,
    www.census.gov.).According
    to a report released on October 14, 2008 by the Working Poof
    Families Project, one third of children live in low-income working
    families in 2006. In New York City, 41.6 percent of children in
    single-parent families live under the poverty line. At the end of
    2007, 8.1 million children under 18, or 11 percent of the total,
    were uninsured, (Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in
    the united states: 2007, issued by the U.S. Census Bureau in August
    2008,
    www.census.gov).

     
      The conditions of American students are worrisome. According
    to the U.S. Department of Education, more than 223,000 students were
    corporally punished in 2007. More than 200,000 public school
    students were punished by beatings during the 2006-2007 school year.
    In 13 states, more than 1,000 students were corporally punished per
    year (US: end beating of children in public schools,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/new/2008/08/19).
    Corporal punishment is legal in 21 states, according to a report
    released by American Civil Liberties Union and Human Rights Watch on
    August 19, 2008. Alcohol abuse, gambling and drug use are pervasive
    on campus. Between 1999 and 2005, 157 college students died of
    alcoholism and750,000 youths were addicted to drugs. A report on
    teen drug use issued by University of Michigan researchers on
    December 11, 2008 shows that 11 percent of eighth graders, 24
    percent of tenth graders and 32 percent of 12th graders reported
    using marijuana in the prior year. Use of any illicit drug in the
    prior year was reported by 37 percent of 12th graders, 27 percent of
    10th graders and 14 percent of eighth graders (The China Press,
    December 12, 2008).

        There is no guarantee of
    children's security. The Children's Defense Fund said in its 2008
    annual report that 3,006 children and teens died in 2005 from
    firearms. According to a survey by the Center for Children, Law and
    Policy, University of Houston, guns kill eight children and teens
    every day in America, which means the Virginia Tech shooting
    occurring every four days, or a child or teen being killed by guns
    every three hours (Children and teens firearm deaths increase for
    first time since 1994,
    http://www.childrenandthelawblog.come/2008/06/19).
    Each year about1.8 million children are reported lost. More than 3
    million children are reported as victims of physical, sexual, verbal
    and emotional abuse, neglect, abandonment, and death (Facts you
    should know about violence against children,
    http://www.loveourchildrenusa.org).
    There are about 1,500 child-abuse fatalities every year (Abuse more
    a risk in non-traditional families,
    http://usatoday.com).
    Sexual abuse against children is serious. One in five children were
    reportedly sexually abused by the age of 18 (Facts you should know
    about violence against children,
    http://www.loveourchildrenusa.org).
    In a Texas polygamist sect, some girls as young as 12 were forced
    into marriage with middle-aged men (The China Press, September
    23,2008). A research by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
    Prevention found that one fourth of teenage American girls, or 3
    million, had a sexually transmitted disease (STD). African-American
    teenage girls were mostly severely affected. Nearly half of the
    young African-American women were infected with an STD, compared
    with 20 percent of young white women (Sing Tao Daily, March 12,
    2008).

        The United States is one of the few
    countries in the world where minors receive the same criminal
    punishments as adults do. It is the only country in the world that
    sentences children to life in prison without possibility of parole
    or release. There are2,381 such inmates in U.S. prisons currently
    (The United States was not forthcoming and accurate in its
    presentation to CERD,
    http://www.hrw.org).
    Seventy-three of them are serving death-in-prison sentence for
    offenses at the age of 13 or 14. Among them, 49 percent are
    African-Americans, and most of them come from needy families,
    without enough legal aids. These children will die in prison without
    parole no matter how they are corrected (Equal Justice Initiative,
    http://eji.org).
    According to the general comments made by the United Nations
    Committee on the Rights of the Child in April 2007, sentencing
    minors to death or life in prison without possibility of release
    violates Article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
    When reviewing the human rights records of the United States in
    2006, the United Nations Human Rights Council said sentencing minors
    to life in prison without possibility of release violates Article 7
    and Article 24 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
    Rights.

        Thousands of innocent children have
    been put into prison by corrupt judges. According to a report of the
    Spanish newspaper Rebelion on February 20, 2009, among the 5,000
    juvenile prisoners in Pennsylvania, an estimated 2,000 were wrongly
    put into prison by two bribe-taking judges. According to the report,
    Judge Mark A. Ciavarella Jr. and Michael T. Conahan in the Luzerne
    County took more than 2.6 million U.S. dollars in kickbacks to send
    teenagers to two private youth detention centers run by PA Child
    Care and a Sister company, Western PA Child Care. Most of the
    teenagers did not have a lawyer to turn to. Jamie Quinn, 18, stayed
    in prison for one year when she was 14 after she and a friend
    quarreled and slapped each other's face. Jamie was taken to a
    juvenile detention center and later transferred to several other
    jails. In her captivity, Jamie was forced to take some medicines so
    she could be "obedient". The girl is just one of the
    thousands of innocent children.

        The use of
    child labors is serious in the United States. The Associated Press
    reported that the owner and managers of a meatpacking plant in Iowa
    was in September 2008 charged with more than 9,000 misdemeanors
    alleging they hired minors and in some cases had children younger
    than 16 handle dangerous equipment. The Iowa attorney general's
    office said the violations involved 32 illegal immigrant children
    under age 18, including seven who were younger than 16 (Iowa files
    child labor charges against meat plant, the Associated Press,
    September 10).


  5. VI. On the violation
    of Human Rights in other nations

        The United
    States has a string of records of trampling on the sovereignty of
    and violating human rights in other countries.

       
    The war in Iraq has led to the death of more than a million
    civilians, made the same number of people homeless and incurred huge
    economic losses. The Xe, formerly known as Blackwater Worldwide and
    connected to the U.S. Department of State, and the DynCorp hired
    6,000 private security guards in Iraq. Victims of activities of the
    two companies are frequently Iraqi civilians. A report issued by a
    supervision team under the U.S. House of Representatives in October
    2007 said Xe employees had been involved in at least 196 shooting
    incidents in Iraq since 2005, which translates into 1.4 incidents a
    week. Xe employees fired first in 84 percent of these incidents. The
    United States established prisons across Iraq, where prisoners were
    routinely abused. Human Rights Watch said on April 27, 2008 that the
    U.S.-led Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF) was holding 24,514
    detainees at the end of 2007 (UN: tell us to end illegal detention
    practices in Iraq,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/04/27).
    On average, detainees remain in custody for more than 300 days, and
    all Iraqi detainees are denied their basic rights (America's Iraqi
    prisoners,
    http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/07).
    According to a Human Rights Watch report on May 19, 2008, the United
    States has detained some 2,400 children in Iraq, including those as
    young as 10, since 2003. U.S. forces were also holding 513 Iraqi
    children as "imperative threats to security". Children in
    Iraqi custody are at risk of physical abuse (US: Respect rights of
    child detainees in Iraq, http//www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/05/19).
    he
    United States has maintained its economic, commercial and financial
    embargo against Cuba for nearly 50 years. Cuban Foreign Minister
    Felipe Perez Roque said the U.S. blockade has caused an accumulated
    directed economic loss of more than 93 billion U.S. dollars for
    Cuba. Seven out of 10 Cubans have spent their entire lives under the
    U.S. embargo (Overwhelming International Rejection of US Blockade of
    Cuba at UN,
    www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1029votacion_onu.htm).
    On October 29, 2008, the 63rd session of the United Nations General
    Assembly adopted a resolution entitled "Necessity of ending the
    economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United
    States of America against Cuba" with a vote of 185 for, three
    against, urging the United States to immediately end its unilateral
    embargo against Cuba. It is the 17th consecutive year that an
    overwhelming majority in the assembly have supported the measure. It
    is a demonstration of the international community expressing their
    strong dissatisfaction over the United States acting against the
    international law and U.N. Charter by viciously violating Cuban
    peoples' rights to live and develop.

        The United
    States is the world's biggest seller of arms. Its arms sales greatly
    intensified instability across the world and severely violated human
    rights of foreign nationals. A report by the New American
    Foundation, U.S. arms sales reached 32 billion U.S. dollars in 2007,
    more than three times the level in 2001. The weapons were sold to
    more than 174 nations and regions (Study: US arms sales undermine
    global human rights,
    http://sfgate.com).

     
      The United States is haunted by scandals of prisoner abuses.
    The Washington Post reported on September 25, 2008 that U.S.
    interrogators poking, slapping or shoving detainees would not give
    rise to criminal liability, according to an internal memo
    declassified by the Department of Defense. The same newspaper
    reported on April 22, 2008 that U.S. interrogators used practices
    such as keeping detainees from sleeping, forced drugging, and
    coercing confession through torture during questioning detainees at
    the military prison in Guantanamo. The Human Rights Watch said in a
    February 6, 2008 report that about 185 of the 270 detainees are
    housed in facilities akin to "supermax" prisons in various
    "camps" at the detention center in Guantanamo even though
    they have not yet been convicted of a crime. These detainees have
    extremely limited contact with other human beings; spend 22 hours a
    day alone in small cells with little or no natural light or fresh
    air (News report finds treatment of detainees unnecessarily harsh,
    http//www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/06/10). The Associated Press reported
    that more than 20 detainees under the age of 18 have been brought to
    the prison camp in Guantanamo since 2002 to fall victim to
    mistreatment from U.S. army service people. In June 2008, Mohammed
    Jawad described his experience in May 2004 when he, less than 18
    then, was brought to the detention center in Guantanamo and was
    denied his time for sleep. Jawad was moved from cell to cell 112
    times in 14 days, usually left in one cell for less than three hours
    before being shackled and moved to another. He was moved more
    frequently between midnight and 2 a.m. to ensure maximum disruption
    of sleep (The war on teen terror, http://
    www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/06/23).

     
      The United States is inactive towards its international human
    rights obligations under the international treaties. The U.S. signed
    the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
    31 years ago, the Covenant on the Elimination of All forms of
    Discrimination against Women 28 years ago, and the Convention on the
    Rights of the Child 14 years ago, but none of the above treaties has
    been approved yet. The Convention on Rights of Disabled Persons is
    the most important progress the United Nations has achieved in
    protecting the rights of disabled persons in the new century, and
    the convention is highly valued by different nations. So far, 136
    countries have signed the convention, and 41 already approved it.
    But the United States has yet to endorse and sign the convention.
    The U.S. has refused a pledge to promote and protect the rights of
    indigenous people, and also failed to acknowledge their rights of
    self-governing, of land and of natural resources in the United
    Nations and in the international community. On September 13, 2007,
    the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted the
    Declaration of Aboriginal Rights by a vote of 143 in favor, while
    the United States was one of the only four countries that voted
    against it.

        The United States has always
    obstinately followed double standards in dealing with international
    human rights affairs, and failed to fulfill its international human
    rights obligations. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of
    migrants of the United Nations visited the United States in 2007.
    However, the original plans to visit the detention centers in Hutto,
    Texas and Monmouth, New Jersey were canceled with no satisfactory
    explanations from the U.S. government, although the plans had been
    sanctioned by the U.S. government in advance. In 2008, the U.N.
    Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants said in the
    U.S.-visit report that the United States detained 230,000 migrants
    every year, more than three times the number nine years ago. The
    U.S. deportation procedures lack proper procedures about
    "non-citizens", and non-citizens are rendered incapable of
    questioning whether they are detained lawfully, or whether for too
    long. The Special Rapporteur said the United States had failed to
    fulfill its international obligations, and also failed in adopting
    comprehensively coordinated national policies in light of explicit
    international obligations to prioritize the human rights of more
    than 37.5 million migrants living in the country.

       
    The outbound humanitarian aids offered by the United States are
    dwarfed by its status as the richest country in the world. According
    to a report from the Development Assistance Research Associates, a
    non-profit organization based in Spain, the United States is listed
    one of the countries with the worst records in providing
    independent, righteous, and unbiased humanitarian aids to other
    countries. The report said the U.S. aids to other countries came
    frequently linked to its military or political ambitions.

     
      Respect to and protection of human rights is an important
    indication of civilization and progress of human society. Every
    government shoulders a common responsibility in committing itself to
    improvement of human rights conditions in the country. For years,
    the United States has positioned itself over other countries and
    released the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices annually to
    criticize human rights conditions in other countries, using it as a
    tool to interfere with and demonize other nations. In the meantime,
    the U.S. has turned a blind eye to its own violations of human
    rights. The U.S. practice of throwing stones at others while living
    in a glass house is a testimony to the double standards and
    hypocrisy of the United States in dealing with human rights issues,
    and has undermined its international image. We hereby advise the
    U.S. government to begin anew, face its own human rights problems
    with courage, and stop the wrong practice of applying double
    standards on human rights issues.




    Come from:
    http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/26/content_10904741.htm





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